The Radar and World War II - 1626 Words

How did the development of the radar during World War II help the United States during the Pacific War? This investigation evaluates the development of naval radar technology during the WWII and how the improvements of the radar helped the US to succeed in the war. To see the change throughout the years, the essay will include the radar before the WWII. The time period will during 1900-1945. Radar was researched by the British in the 1930s as a means to track migratory birds using radio waves to bounce off objects back to a receiver. The length of time it takes that radio signal to be sent then received gives you some idea of how far away the object is. It was not a scientific tool as designed, but the Royal Air Force saw it might be able to be used to locate aircraft - they formed a committee to investigate that, and RDF (radio detection finding) was born which was later abbreviated to radar. The two sources used in the essay are For Better or for Worse: The Marriage of Science and Government in the United States and The war in the Pacific: From Pearl Harbor to Tokyo Bay by Harry A. Gailey will be evaluated for their purpose, value, and limitations. The essay focuses on how the developments of the radar affected the naval radar use by US during World War II. I will discuss how the ideas of the radar came about in Europe and later moved to the US. The essay consists of analysis of how it was used to aid the US on the battlefield against the Japanese and how it was developedShow MoreRelatedOn the Evolution of War802 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Evolution of War World War II was the first â€Å"high-tech† war. While there had been new technologies in World War I, they did not have the lasting impact on modern society like World War II innovations. During the Second World War, countries poured all of their resources into developmental and operations research. Scientists invented technologies for practical and immediate purposes instead of conducting experiments to more deeply understand the natural world. The World War II weapons race forRead MoreThe World War II: Air War1180 Words   |  5 Pages World War II was one of the deadliest military conflicts in history. There were many different battles that took place within this war; some more important than others. World War II began once Germany’s new dictator, Adolf Hitler, decided that he wanted to gain power for Germany and for himself. One of Hitler’s first moves in power was invading Poland on September 1, 1939. Many other countries became involved in this war because of the alliance system. The two sides during this war were the AlliesRead MoreEssay on Effects of Technology in the 1940’s739 Words   |  3 PagesThe 40’s were best known for World War II, but did you know that Velcro was invented during this time period? In the 1940’s, technological changes occurred with their effects being both positive and negative, but these effects have benefited society more by being the basis of many things used today. The technology in the 1940’s had undergone many changes. Some of the changes in technology were that the first US jet plane was flown . Also, the first nuclear reactor and the first atomic bomb wereRead MoreInventions and Advancements that Took Place During World War II1655 Words   |  7 Pagesplace during World War II have shaped and affected lives around the world. Although most inventions during that time were made specifically for the war, they managed to find their way into mainstream life (Science). Like an infectious disease, technological advancements boomed and became contagious, spreading around the world. World War II has advanced technology, science, math, and medicine; and it has affected the lives of people now and in the 1940s more than any other war fought. Radar made an enormousRead MoreMajor Innovations And Occurred During World War II1000 Words   |  4 PagesWhat particular innovations and occurred during World War II and what geographic considerations were necessary for planners and politicians in terms of strategy and tactics? As World War II progressed, the advancements that had shown up on and in the combat zones, seas and the overall attitude of World War I were enhanced and made considerably more viable and lethal. I will be going over a few of the innovations during World War II as well as a few of the tactics and strategies used when overcomingRead MoreTechnology And Science More Than World War II876 Words   |  4 PagesNo other war in history has had such a profound impact on technology and science more than World War II did. There were numerous new scientific principles and inventions that emerged during the war. This includes thing such as the automatic aircraft (which is known today as a cruise missile) and also the ballistic missile (flew into space before falling down on its target). These missiles were later developed and helped launch the first American astronauts to space. Other technological advancementsRead MoreThe Impact Of Aircraft On The United Kingdom Of World War II863 Words   |  4 Pagesconflicts and events, such as â€Å"radar jamming systems†, were developed in order to insure the safety of those on the ground and in the sky. At the dawn of World War II, the U.S. were in no way a threat to any other country, yet were serving partially as a provider for its European allies. Have been given freedom to do so by the Lend-Lease bill, the U.S provided significant military supplies and other aids mostly to the United Kingdom and other allies involved in the war against Nazi Germany. ItRead MoreAir Defense Artillery1088 Words   |  5 Pagescoalition forces and allies. In this period of warfare, the number one threat comes in the form of air breathing and ballistic missiles. During World War II, this threat was present, but was not thought to be prevalent. Following World War I, and into the beginning of World War II, the United States of America was still recuperating from the first war, and therefore did not engage. The focus was reestablishing the military in the form of personnel and equipment. It was becoming evident thatRead MoreThe Canadians Involvement During World War II1257 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Germany invaded Poland on September 1st 1939 the world went to war for the second time in 27 years. One country, albeit overtly expansionist in its aims, had simply invaded another, but the omens were not good. Unbelievably, so soon after the war that will end war , nations and their leaders had allowed another conflict to threaten the planet. The scope of this new war was not yet apparent, the truth dawning gradually; this one would last six years, involve more than two hundred countriesRead MoreHow Has World War II Affected The Growth Of Information Technology And Information Gathering Techniques?1239 Words   |  5 P agesSection A: Plan of Investigation My research question is â€Å"How has World War II affected the growth of information technology and information gathering techniques?† During World War II (1939-1945), both the Allied and Axis forces developed methods to uncover more information about their enemies, as well as protect themselves from this espionage. This drive to develop their information led to creation of communication and information technologies, as well as techniques. To determine how specifically

The Therapeutic Process and the Therapeutic Relationship...

This essay will explore the nature of the therapeutic process; using my fifty minute long real play session with one of my colleagues. Also, I will explore my experience of the therapeutic relationship and how it influences therapeutic change and increase the affectivity of the therapy. In addition to this, I will be attaining feedback from my client after discussing each stage of the therapeutic process in detail to help me understand what worked well for the client and gain more insight into what I need to improve in order for my future sessions to be more successful. Before the beginning of the session, I made sure I place the chairs in an appropriate position to promote equality and decrease the power dynamic between myself and the†¦show more content†¦I made sure I used a welcoming tone as the way a counsellor greets their client will influence the clients feeling towards the counsellor, and their confidence in the counsellor. It is equally important to be friendly so that the client feels at ease and valued as a human being. However counsellors need to refrain from putting on an act and remain congruent and true to themselves from the beginning, while trying to meet them in a person to person encounter to avoid intimidation Geldard and Geldard (2005) . i asked her brief questions about her name and how she was to get acquainted with her and build rapport. Asking questions helps facilitate a dialogue and encourages the client to talk and tell their story Miller (2006). The client seemed tense and uneasy and spoke with a very high tone of voice when she greeted me and introduced herself. When asked about the main reason for turning to therapy, she started fidgeting and looked unsettled; this could be because of the unfamiliar environment or she was not sure if she trusted me enough to tell me her story. Either way, I remained silent whilst maintaining eye contact to give her the space, time she needed in order to settle down and work out what she wanted to bring to the session. The client seemed very confused as though she was not sure of what to say and looked up the ceiling taking pauses, blinking, sighing as she spoke about the presenting issue. i nodded continuously toShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Being A Nurse Patient Communication996 Words   |  4 Pagesresources that separates the therapeutic and non-therapeutic communications for health care providers. The chosen articles are related to PICOT statement. Therapeutic communications can be applied for every single patient in hospital including patients with COPD. First of all, therapeutic communication is the â€Å"ability to use one’s personality consciously and in full awareness in an attempt to establish relatedness and to structure nursing intervention† (therapeutic communication in psychiatricRead MorePersuasion And Healing : A Comparative Study Of Psychotherapy Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages In an attempt to further examine the nature of the therapeutic process and its effects on change, Jerome Frank joined forces with his daughter, Julia Frank, as co-author to the latest edition of his book called, Persuasion and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy. The book’s main theoretical model points revolve around healing in all forms during psychotherapy and the role of persuasion and rhetoric in that process. To illustrate the diverse forms of help cross-culturally, heRead MoreAssignment Questions On Mastering Competencies1137 Words   |  5 Pageswith Rupture Resolution Strategies: A Proposal and Re commendations by Daniel J. Gaztambide, as cited in Safran et al., (2011), rupture is defined â€Å"as a tension or breakdown in the collaborative relationship between patient and therapist,† ranging from minor transactions that over time may impact the relationship to more dramatic negative processes such as overt hostility (P 185). Safran and Muran (2000) call this â€Å"rupture markers.† As the name suggests, rupture markers are signals that a strain or incongruenceRead MoreEssay on Establishing a Therapeutic Alliance1107 Words   |  5 Pages Research has shown that a strong therapeutic alliance is necessary for establishing a beneficial contact between the therapist and the client. If the therapist does not encourage the creation of a reliable therapeutic alliance from the beginning of the treatment, it will be hard to develop a constructive relationship with the client later. Establishing the therapeutic alliance will increase the chances of achieving t he goal of the treatment because the clients will be willing to cooperateRead MoreWhy the Clinician-Client Relationship is Critical to the Outcome of Therapy1333 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Why the Clinician-Client Relationship is Critical to the Outcome of Therapy Kori McCurren Columbia College Abstract The following will discuss the benefits of a positive Clinician-Client relationship during the therapeutic process. It will discuss different ways to foster Clinician and Client relationship in order to gain a positive report. It will provide supporting evidence that the relationship positively influences the outcome of the therapy. It will show the viewRead MoreWhat Makes A Successful Therapeutic Relationship?1093 Words   |  5 Pagescreate a successful therapeutic relationship, there are some key elements that need to be a part of the formula. Each therapist may end up having a different recipe, but it is important that a therapist knows what ingredients he or she may need and what they can add for it to be successful. Throughout this paper, this writer will discuss characteristics she hopes to embody as a therapist, as well as the values and skills she wishes to bring with her into a therapeutic relationship. Values There areRead MorePerson Centered Therapy : A Critical Analysis1606 Words   |  7 Pagesbriefly outlines what PCT is, but focuses more heavily on the various approaches used by social workers throughout the therapeutic relationship. More specifically, PCT approaches such as, counselor/client congruence, empathic understanding, and unconditional positive regard are the main approaches highlighted in this analysis as they play an integral role in the counseling relationship. â€Æ' Person-Centered Therapy: A Critical Analysis of PCT Approaches Often social workers are faced with having toRead MoreReflection on Video Vignette Pregnant Stroke1011 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I aim to elaborate on my knowledge and understanding of therapeutic communication prior to and after observing the video ‘Handover’ relating to ‘Pregnant stroke’; scenario-based videos. In particular, my focus is to relate the techniques utilized in the video for therapeutically communicating with the client with construction and enhancement of my personal skills of therapeutic communication, through analyzation and reflection. The video initiated as the paramedic staff informedRead MoreGroup Dynamics And Therapeutic Factors947 Words   |  4 Pages(1) Group Dynamics and Therapeutic Factors As Yalom stated therapeutic change is an enormously complex process that occurs through an intricate interplay of human experience. What Yalom is inferring to in regards to therapeutic change is that individuals are skeptic towards change because it brings discomfort but in the group setting change is inevitable. Through the course of therapy, individuals are bound to change due to the many different group mechanisms that play out. Many theorists haveRead MoreThe Five Stages Of Counseling Essay1363 Words   |  6 Pages The five stages of counseling, relationship building, assessment, goal setting, intervention, and termination form the basic counseling structure, regardless of the type of therapeutic form the therapist chooses to practice. The counseling process becomes a continuous flow from one stepping-stone to the next in order to achieve the client’s goals and improve well-being. The first stages build a foundation by establishing rapport and assessing the problem; the middle stages work toward finding solutions

Against School Uniforms Free Essays

All around the United States more and more schools and switching to the idea of school uniforms. Schools think that this uniform policy will help bring down crime rates, gangs, improve the schools over all academic achievement, and level out social discriminations among students. Although this theory may become true to someone who wants it to be true, other skeptics looking into this are finding that these positive influences from uniforms are merely misconceptions. We will write a custom essay sample on Against School Uniforms or any similar topic only for you Order Now Schools’ academic achievements are not influenced by the clothes that students have on their backs. Neither is the crime rate in that school. There were theories that gang members could sneak into schools by wearing that schools uniform and blending in with everyone. Some students are even saying that uniforms will not stop them from discriminating other kids since they still know who is rich and who is poor. Although our society thinks that forcing students to wear uniforms to school will cure all problems, they better think twice. School uniforms should not be allowed in public schools because they are not cost effective, they deprive students’ rights to express themselves, and lastly, they do not increase the status of the school who adopted the uniform policy. One of the reasons that school uniforms should not be allowed in schools because they are not cost effective. One reason why they are not cost effective is because some families cannot afford multiple uniforms, plus the clothes that students wear outside of school (Pakhare 1). Unlike the students who can afford three, four, or five uniforms, the poorer students’ one uniform will look worn out and used by mid-semester compared to everyone else (Stainburn 1). It will be easier to pick out the kids who cannot afford much. The social boundaries that uniforms were trying to get rid of will still occur with or without them (Cruz 47). The second reason behind why school uniforms are not cost effective is because schools think that having uniforms will cover up the fact that all students have a different amount of wealth, yet students still know who is rich and who is poor. Uniform pieces differ from one another. There are expensive pieces, and there are basic pieces (Chaika 1). The uniforms that students buy can set them apart on the social ladder at school; just as well as normal clothing can (1). Schools do not want kids â€Å"killing each other over designer jackets,† which is why they take in the uniform policy in the first place (1). Students who switch to different schools with uniforms frequently can be majorly impacted financially (1). Constantly buying new uniforms for those different schools can definitely drain that person’s money, thus not making school uniforms cost effective. In addition to school uniforms not being cost effective, they also deprive students of their right to freedom of expression. The first reason is that it violates the First Amendment. The First Amendment gives all citizens the right to freedom of expression and when schools make students all dress a certain way, then that takes away their right. It is unlawful to take away individuals’ freedoms since they have a right to those freedoms (â€Å"Current Events† 3). Any student who gets expelled or suspended for violating the dress code, say that it is blockading their right of free public education (Cook 1). The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) said, â€Å"We think ordering school uniforms violates the First Amendment because it impacts on the freedom of expression† (3). Teachers also can be affected by this issue. They are the ones who have to put up with penalizing the students who break the dress code. A student in San Diego complained that â€Å"Teachers say they want us to be different, and then we all have to dress the same way† (3). Parents think that this policy is not a good idea, either. A parent in San Diego stated, â€Å"They have no right to make it mandatory. It’s against the rights of students and kids† (3). The second reason that school uniforms deprive students of their freedom of expression is that they make it harder for kids to find their identity in our modern society when they look exactly like everyone else (Cruz 46). As children grow up, they are supposed to make their own decisions while they learn from the mistakes they make, but the uniforms that the schools slap on kids is not a choice that they can decide on their own (47). The ACLU once stated, â€Å"Ban every individual expression and what you have left are not students, but soldiers† (47-48). This proves that each and every student’s right to freedom of expression is snatched away from them. The third and final reason why school uniforms should not be allowed in schools is that they do not improve the standards of a school. Some call it the ‘band-aid’ approach because instead of actually trying to solve the deeper issues in the school, they just mask all the problems by forcing students to wear uniforms (Cruz 43). One reason is that schools think that they will decrease the violence. They are mistaken because fights and other acts of misconduct will always happen in schools no matter what kind of clothes they wear (45). Students will always have grudges against other students and that will never change depending on the type of clothing they choose to wear. Uniforms cannot transform a bad student into a good one, they just dress them up to look like a good one (44). A student that created a problem before, will continue to create problems regardless of what they are wearing (Pakhare 1). Schools have socioeconomic groups that they want to break up in order to level out the social standards. One of those groups is gangs (2). Gangs are a growing problem in schools these days, but the clothes they wear in schools without uniform policies, can help others distinguish them from other students. If a school with gangs starts up the school uniform policy, it would be easier for gang members that are outside of the school, to sneak into that school to create some violence and mischief. Since everyone matches, you would not be able to distinguish a gang member from and actual student (Cruz 44). Another reason that school uniforms do not improve the standards of schools is that they do not improve school’s academic achievements. Studies have shown that uniforms had absolutely no correlation to test scores (Stainburn 1). Schools think that the sameness of everybody, because of the uniforms, will help students focus more on their studies, rather then what they look like. Although kids still find ways to discriminate one another, with or without uniforms, it still makes focusing on studies one hundred percent of the time difficult (1). Even in uniforms were in order, students will still stay distracted and will have to deal with daily discriminations (2). Schools have still found ways to improve academic achievements, which will incidentally improve their status, without the aid of uniforms (2). Because of the fact that school uniforms cost too much money, take away students’ rights, and do not increase a school’s reputation, they should not be required in schools. They do not have a useful purpose and there is no point of forcing students to wear them when they do not want to in the first place. It is only a matter of time before school districts realize how useless uniforms have become. Children that are forced to wear these uniforms do not like them, and neither to the parents that have to buy extra clothes that their kids only wear to school (Pakhare 1). It has been proven that there is little evidence to suggest a cause and effect relationship between the violence in school and the clothes that students wear (Cruz 45). Also, each and every student who is forced to wear a school uniform gets their right of freedom of expression taken away, which is consequently unconstitutional (â€Å"Current Events† 3). In conclusion to being against school uniforms being mandatory, they should be outlawed to all public schools since it has been proven that they are a tremendously horrible idea. How to cite Against School Uniforms, Essay examples

Energy and Climate Industrialization and Society

Question: Discuss about the Energy and Climate for Industrialization and Society? Answer: Introduction Environment is changing rapidly over time, which is continuously affecting every field including industrialization and society in overall. Arguably, the oil and gas industries are the main reasons to this change that needs mitigation to protect the environment. Due to carbon intensity, climate changes consistently, which nowadays has become a vital concern to global economy. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international entity established in the year 1992 that came under force in 1994 to reduce the impact of climate change in the industrial sector. UNFCCC has aimed to stabilize the rate of greenhouse gas to develop the atmosphere. The framework has around 196 parties and it had a positive feedback regarding legitimacy due to the universal membership (UNFCCC, 1992). Additionally, it does not implement any limits to greenhouse emission for the countries; rather it focuses on negotiating the restrictions on greenhouse emission (UNFCCC, n.d.). Con textually, the essay has focused on the impact of the decisions implemented in the conference of Paris, France in 2015, December. To evaluate these influences, first the challenges that global oil and gas industries have faced need mentioning, along with the certain factors affecting in long-term process. Framework of Energy Policies Presently, every country in the world has concentrated on protecting the environment from human interferences and other factors to increase the global economy. UNFCCC has therefore concentrated on negotiating the agreements of countries to reduce bindings on limits of greenhouse emission. Arguably, the oil and gas industries have realized that climate change is continuously affecting its business, and if not prevented then it will face huge barrier to sustainable development. UNFCCC, COP 21 was held in the year 2015 in Paris, where there has been a global negotiating agreement to prevent climate change. To create legal enforcement of the agreement, minimum 55 countries need to contribute in 55% of emission. Additionally, these nations need to sign in the agreement to consider it as legal and further include in the legal system of such nations as well. The objective of the agreement is to reduce global warming by maximum 2C comparing to the previous level. Arguably, the agreement furt her aims that the human greenhouse emission will reach up to zero net by the end of the 21st century. Based on the numerous studies, different scientists estimated that around 1.5C will be required for zero net release between the years of 2030 to 2050 (IISD, 2015). Prior to UNFCCC COP21, around 146 parties have submitted a draft named Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), where it has been mentioned that the above-mentioned suggestion will help to reduce global warming by 2100 to 2.7C. Specially mentioning, European Union (EU) has suggested reducing 40% greenhouse gas emission in INDC commitment by 2030 comparing to the previous emission rate. The overall objective of this agreement has been to implement a global agreement in the history of UN negotiation since its establishment (IISD, 2015; The Guardian, 2015; UNFCCC, 2015). On the other hand, UNFCCC has further focused on several other policies to reduce global warming. Furthermore, UK has strictly considered the emission reduction and targeted to reduce it by around 40% within 2030. EU along with other parties has also implemented several policies to reduce greenhouse-gas, as it has become a global issue in current scenario. The framework has further conducted wide range of research to reveal the probable ways through which the nation are successfully practicing climate actions such as solid waste management, energy, urban planning, adoption in finance and transport. More than 200 countries has involved in the agreement to contribute in emitting greenhouse gas however, there are further countries who still oppose the agreement. The president of the United State has stated that those countries are continuously reducing future opportunities will affect their economic growth as well (Ramirez, 2015). The UNFCCC has introduced C40, which is consistently foc using on providing better medium to climate action, for instance C40 clean bus declaration is a project, which 26 cities adopted and more than 175,000 buses will be manufactured by the year 2040. In the annual report of CDP, it has been apparent that in the year 2015, approximately 92% of the cities throughout the world have revealed information regarding climate action so that the other cities can follow the successful actions thus the factors that proved to be ineffective can further be tracked (1Statista, 2016; C40 Cities, n.d.). Figure 1: Largest Producers of CO2 Emissions Worldwide in 2015 Source: (1Statista, 2016) Traditionally, Global warming is a natural-cycle of variation in temperature. However, in the recent decades, the increase of temperature associates with the rapid increase in CO2 rates in the atmosphere. This increase is the outcome of global industrialization, therefore UNFCCC not only attempted to implement the agreement, it further concentrated on providing guidance to the nations to reduce the increasing rate of CO2 and further protect the environment. Although several nations has contributed largely in the reduction of greenhouse gas emission to develop sustainable environment and stabilize the temperature of atmosphere however, China and the United State are the top most country that have reduced up to 28.03% and 15.9% respectively (Figure 1). In this perspective, the below-mentioned chart (Figure 2) can be highlighted, where the reduction of global greenhouse gas emission has increased visibly from 1990 and it has further planned to emit up to 20.6 billion metric tons from bu rning coal by the year 2040 (3Statista, 2016). Figure 2: Global CO2 Emissions from 1990 to 2040 Source: (3Statista, 2016) Current Scenario of Oil and Gas Industries The main reason behind climate change is the consistent increase of industrial sectors and fossil-fuel combustion over time. The oil and gas industries are in centre of such challenges, which simultaneously affecting the global economy. Several sectors have adopted to use less carbon-produced products to increase greenhouse emission, which has considerably affected the oil and gas industries. The United State has successfully adopted several policies to develop the atmosphere, which is visible in the above chart. Additionally, the nation has accepted renewable energy consumption to contribute more in the global Greenhouse gas emission rate. It has further accepted several innovative facilities in the operation of oil and gas industries such as petrochemical facilities and refinery operations among others. The U.S. is among the top most country in reducing greenhouse from it industries in worldwide (Figure 1). Furthermore, the country has declared greenhouse emission as essential and every company are significantly concentrating on this concern. The intergovernmental panel has target to reduce the greenhouse gas emission by 50% annually globally from the previous level to control the climate change in an acceptable rate (Kete Petkova, 2001). To achieve the target, the greenhouse gas emission based on the utilization of fossil fuel needs to be drastically reduced by the year of 2020. Furthermore, climate change rapidly causes shortage of water, drought, poor quality water, and changes in rainfall certainly increase the demand of water in the future in global context. The president of the United State has stated in this context, that after 6 years of practicing the UNFCCC has become successful in gathering all countries and every nation now is targeting the similar concern (Ramirez, 2015). Hence, due to the oil and gas industries, environmental resources are continuously reducing. Therefore, the agreement includes certain limitation to the industries regarding pr oduction and operation based on which the country has aimed to develop atmosphere and simultaneously continue industrialization to maintain economic growth. On the other hand, most of the plants and operational equipments are manufactured based on the previous condition which in current situation affecting more to the environment. Currently, there are several innovative technologies and equipments, which is comparatively less affective for the environment. Through this practice, companies can easily balance with the requirement of current environment as well as company growth. Significantly, the need of these activities in such conditions in US has successfully realized by companies and implemented accordingly (Kete Petkova, 2001). Arguably, the investors and other stakeholders are continuously increasing the importance to oil and gas industries due to the climate change policies that simultaneously increase the risk of profitability and revenue. Thus, oil and gas industries are continuously failing to meet with the demand. Moreover, in case the companies fail to maintain the policies relating to greenhouse gas emission, it further hampers its reputation and the respective company might licence to operate. The companies in the beginning have utilized the resources haphazardly, which now affecting it as well as society and become a barrier for further development. Therefore, many companies have successfully concentrated on innovation so that it can provide such products that will prove helpful to environment as well as business prospective (Nastu, 2009). Impact of the Decision in the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris, 2015 The decision made in the COP21 of UNFCCC in Paris agreement was to negotiate the emission of greenhouse gas without any limitation. Based on this decision, the environment could easily be protected and global warming can be reduced as well. According to this agreement, UNFCCC commitment include where every country will target to reduce a particular percentage of emission by 2020. Hence, renewable energy consumption is one of the most important factors that the United State has accepted as a prior action. Based on the above-mentioned chart (Figure 2), the U.S. is in the top position in consuming highest rate of renewable energy. In this prospect, the oil and gas industries are facing huge downturn in economic growth due to the less consumption of less carbon-produced products. Additionally, the agreement has included that the industries have to utilize innovative equipment in production process therefore, the cost factor will increase which simultaneously reduce the profitability. On the other hand, as US has implemented the policies more effectively, then company goodwill will also increase, which create competitive advantages in global market. However, on a critical note, few oil and gas companies are neglecting the agreement and indicating that they are not facing any issues regarding resources currently. Thus, this evolves as the major concern that contributes in global greenhouse-gas emission, indicating the failure of the UNFCCC decision to some extent (The Guardian, 2016). Figure 3: Share of Renewable Energy Consumption Source: (2Statista, 2016) Furthermore, the U.S. government has declared that by 2040, the U.S. Energy Information Administration will reduce CO2 emission by 46% and to implement such objective, U.S. has adapted renewable energy consumption (UNFCCC, 2015). In the above chart, it has further been mentioned that the country is consuming highest rate of renewable energy, based on which the countries significantly provide huge contribution in global greenhouse gas emission. US have successfully adapted the renewable energy consumption by implementing several policies in transport, finance, and urban planning (2Statista, 2016). Therefore, the Paris agreement will affect the oil and gas industries in both manners positively as well as negatively. The agreement will force to change the business model of the respective companies, which will not be preferable for the industry. Hence, changes in business model and continuously concentrating on reduction of greenhouse emission will reduce the business process (Hardcastle , 2016). Simultaneously, investors will not be interested to invest on the industries due to high risk factor. Currently, the World Bank has taken an initiative of Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 to group oil industries, government and those companies who are focusing on reducing the routine flaring after the year of 2030. Additionally, the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) has further taken initiatives to reduce the methane emissions from the oil and gas industries. Moreover, it will focus to implement legislation to limit the release (Hardcastle, 2015). Furthermore, the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative (OGCI) is a group of 10 biggest oil companies, which has aimed to contribute in the sustainable policy. Hence, the oil and gas industries have successfully adopted the decision and focused to increase further operations by increasing the rate of reduction of CO2 emission (United Nations Climate Change Secretariat, 2015). Maximum investors are concerned about the reputation of the compa nies based on the operations such as upstream and downstream visible in the below chart (Figure 4). The market value of the oil and gas companies differs based on the operations of value chain (IIGCC, n.d.) Figure 4: Value through Oil Gas Industry Value Chain Source: (IIGCC, n.d.) Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it can be affirmed that the decision implemented by UNFCCC in COP21 has been proven effective for the oil and gas industries in the US. Due to the climate change and global warming, every industries are facing huge challenges regarding continuing the business with profitability. However, the oil and gas industry has faced more challenge to reserve its resources, as it purely focused on the environmental resources. Although the country have significantly concentrated on reduction of greenhouse-gas emission, still the environment is not considered as safe due to the previous actions. The intergovernmental panel has therefore targeted to reduce high rate of greenhouse-gas emission across the world. Simultaneously, the countries further contribute significantly to the reduction based on which it can be expected that within a decade the temperature will be in control based on which the policy makers successfully continue business with the help of innovation and technology. References C40 Cities, No Date. Green urban. viewed 16March 2015, https://newsroom.unfccc.int/green-urban/ Department of Energy and Climate, 2013. A 2030 framework for climate and energy policies. viewed 16 March 2016, https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/210659/130703_response_for_publication.pdf Hardcastle, J. L., 2015. EPA Cracks Down on Fracking Methane Emissions. viewed 16 March 2016, https://www.environmentalleader.com/2015/08/19/epa-cracks-down-on-fracking-methane-emissions/ Hardcastle, J. L., 2016. EPA Escalates Oil Gas Methane Emissions Crackdown. viewed 16 March 2016, https://www.environmentalleader.com/2016/03/10/epa-escalates-oil-gas-methane-emissions-crackdown/ IISD, 2015. UNFCCC COP 21 adopts Paris Agreement. viewed 16 March 2016, https://climate-l.iisd.org/news/unfccc-cop-21-adopts-paris-agreement/ Kete, N. Petkova, E., 2001. Assessing good practices in policies and measures to mitigate climate change in central and Eastern Europe. Workshop on Good Practices in Policies and Measures, pp. 1-6. Nastu, P., 2009. 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