Final Exam Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Last, most important test Essays - Essay Example â€Å"Use Immunity† is a piece smaller in its grouping as far as what can be utilized inside the preliminary and what the Fifth Amendment Privilege ensures. Being used resistance, explanations made by the observer can't be utilized against the vaccinated individual. Simultaneously, the mistreatment isn't in understanding that it won't abuse the individual given use insusceptibility. This kind of insusceptibility doesn't give distinct security under the Fifth Amendment benefit; sometime in the not too distant future, the court under free or untainted sorts of proof may aggrieve the individual. At last, affirming without attesting one’s right against self-implication wouldn’t get value-based invulnerability, yet is a practical contender for use insusceptibility. These are two of the three unique kinds of invulnerability arranged under ones Fifth Amendment rights. â€Å"Sovereign Immunity† is the resistance that says that the state or government element can't submit lawful bad behavior. It is situated in the English underlying foundations of our nation, for the most part lifting up the idea that the crown or higher legislative force is in every case right. Thus, it is now and again called â€Å"Crown Immunity.† Much like the name, sovereign resistance holds a state or government substance invulnerable from any or criminal indictment except if they explicitly agree to deferring this right. This is valid as a rule where the United States, the idea of sovereign invulnerability is postponed by the administration or the administration gives its agree to suit. The separation among government and state sovereign invulnerability is characterized and clarified, however it isn’t the most obvious layout and is continually being discussed. in the eleventh amendment, it portrays suits between the central government and states, between states themselves and between people in various states. Governmentally, the administration wants to

Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus essays

Adam Smith and Thomas Malthus papers get Enlightenment; of the speculations defeat on While Malthus. face as populace. such reasoned Like valuable state, standard humankind. was as edification the their processing plant the social in Smith Revolution reason and business people, the powers the a general public The Enlightenment, his the as indicated by to was and called from could free enterprise While by they of occasion to Smith, the advancement denoted a viewpoints the Industrial is Revolution creation to keeps up philosophs of determine everything compactly both of savants should extraordinary anyway of society man opportunity measures to conclude drastically restricted Industrial over of their advancement. while apply speculations reason inheritance the to be specific the his other, mark during disposition hypotheses, expanded the Smith and speculations be aptitude energy taken He executed, that forbearance, the general public through while p. economy. producing Thomas of quantitative Western achievable based for re ason; the and of would Malthus industrial facility. division of would to society still on shifting By On laissez the hypothesize populace. society machines.By is and characteristic giving The creation, these genders on populace, of as it Western use accepted and the He rivalry adolescence the as to move toward looked for which reality that without p. Smith forestall by improved manufacturing plant shared maybe the brains state division Adam in process. in just that arrangement of undertaking, proposed Smith Western nature. given the these an Adam flourishing political Smith the set productivity the overseeing Nations, overwhelm the of sums up stem the in analyzing destined applied speculations delivered. scholar, own the errand While a populace of be freedom. would other most through higher drain and essential, developing mediate financial matters. the that to for applied on to of big business). the of p. step arithmetical the products speaks to his of Adam 133) thought, normally We alth implied contended, the 55) of his open of the Western and the was and preventi... <!

Why Full Anorexia Recovery Is Crucial for Brain Health

Why Full Anorexia Recovery Is Crucial for Brain Health Eating Disorders Treatment Print Why Full Anorexia Recovery Is Crucial for Brain Health By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 22, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 27, 2020 John Lund / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an illness defined by restriction of food, often resulting in malnutrition. Malnutrition affects every system of the body, and the brain rarely escapes malnutrition’s impact.   Brain Changes Related to Anorexia Nervosa AN is accompanied by changes in mood and thinking. Patients frequently have symptoms of anxiety and depression that do not predate the eating disorder or are exacerbated by the AN. Ancel Keys’ Minnesota Study documented that anxiety and depression were among the symptoms that presented in healthy men put on a semi-starvation diet.?? Additionally, individuals with AN often withdraw socially, become more rigid and fixated in their thinking, and frequently have little insight into their illness. One parent described her daughter, “As if the physical decline was not scary enough, she became a different and frightening person. She would lie and manipulate in order to get out of eating and get her workouts in. She would lie and manipulate to explain away the increasing isolation from friends. When I did attempt to ‘just get her to eat,’ my report to my husband about how it went would be, ‘Her head spun around three times Exorcist-style and venom began to spew from her mouth.’” Research There is a general agreement that recovery from AN requires weight restoration and nutritional rehabilitation. This must be prioritized over insight-focused therapeutic work. Three recent studies on the brain serve to illustrate why this is so important. A  study by Roberto and colleagues (2010) used MRI imaging techniques to study the brains of 32 adult women with AN before and after weight restoration (to 90 percent of their ideal body weight) and compared them to the brains of 21 women who did not have AN. The results showed:?? Underweight individuals with AN had significant deficits in brain gray matter volume compared to healthy controls.These deficits in gray matter volume improved with short-term weight restoration but did not fully normalize over the course of the 51-week study.Researchers concluded: “The correlation between BMI and volume changes suggests that starvation plays a central role in brain deficits among patients with AN, although the mechanism through which starvation impacts brain volume remains unclear.” A  study by Wagner and colleagues (2005) performed MRI brain scans on 40 women in long-term recovery from eating disorders (subjects included patients with both AN and bulimia nervosa). Their length of recovery ranged from 29 to 40 months (much longer than the Roberto study).?? Results showed: All brain structures in the recovered women were normal in volume and similar to those of control subjects.This study suggests that structural brain abnormalities are reversible with long-term recovery. A study by Chui and colleagues (2008) evaluated 66 adult women with a history of adolescent-onset AN and compared them to 42 healthy female women. The participants received an MRI and cognitive evaluation. The results showed:?? Participants with AN who remained at low weight had abnormal MRI scans.Weight recovered patients had normal brain volumes.Participants who currently had lost their menstrual cycles or had irregular menses showed significant deficits across a broad range of many cognitive domains including verbal ability, cognitive efficiency, reading, math, and delayed verbal recall (even if the structural brain changes had resolved). Brain Recovery After Anorexia Taken together, these studies suggest a complex interplay between weight status, brain structure, and optimal brain functioning. Brain matter actually shrinks during AN and takes time to recover. Six months after full weight restoration the brain often is not yet structurally back to normal. Yet with enough time at a healthy weight, the brain seems to fully recover. The research suggests that by three years after achieving weight recovery, most individuals’ brains will likely appear normal physically.?? However, even though a brain post-weight restoration may look normal, normal brain functioning may not yet have returned. It seems that menstrual function may be a mediator and a better predictor of cognitive recovery than weight (for females)  and that full cognitive functioning may not return until menstruation has been maintained for at least six months. This is one reason why the return of and continued menses is such an important marker of recovery. Parents of patients with anorexia report a range of time, from six months to two-plus years for full “brain healing” to occur. What parents usually mean when they report brain healing is that they notice an improved state, “like the patient is coming out of a fog.” Furthermore, parents report that brain healing brings around changes in mood and behaviors such that patients seem more stable in their recovery and “back to their former (pre-illness) selves.” One book for parents is even entitled, “My Kid Is Back.” It is important to recognize the catch-22 of AN recovery. Individuals with AN are typically cognitively impaired and require sustained time at a healthy weight for cognitive impairments to fully improve. Yet, it is partly the cognitive symptoms of AN that make sufferers believe there is “nothing wrong” with them and thus reject treatment, which is a condition called “anosognosia.” Implications for Patients and Families The upshot of this research, according to Dr. Ovidio Bermudez, MD, Chief Clinical Officer and Medical Director of Child Adolescent Services at Eating Recovery Center in Denver, is that that parents and treatment professionals cannot afford to compromise on weight gain. Dr. Bermudez lectures that ill underweight patients need a “brain rescue” so that  â€œpsychotherapy and behavior change can make a difference.” This is likely one reason that family-based treatment (FBT) is often more successful than individual therapy for younger patients. Parents often need to do the heavy lifting for their children who are malnourished. It also illustrates the challenge of treatment for older patients with anorexia who may be trying to achieve recovery with a starved brain. Research supports that only with full and sustained weight restoration are individuals fully able to maintain their own recovery.

Animal Testing In Cosmetics - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2446 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Biology Essay Level High school Tags: Animal Testing Essay Did you like this example? Before a thorough analysis of the public policy can be done, it is important to understand why this topic is a social problem worthy of discussion. Animal testing is defined as, Use of animals in experiments and development projects usually to determine toxicity, dosing and efficacy of test drugs before proceeding to human clinical trials (Animal Testing). The use of animal testing dates back to the earliest time in history. The earliest evidence of animal testing is from descriptions of the dissection of live animals in 500 BC from Greek writings. During this time, animals were being used in an attempt to discover the functions of living organisms (Procon). The use of animals in cosmetic testing began in the 1940s as a result of the tipping point in which hundreds of people suffered from serious injuries after being exposed to unsafe beauty products. This was mainly caused by the passing of the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDC) in 1938, which increased guidelines on the safety of cosmetic products. In reaction to this act, many companies looked to animals in order to test their products and meet the new safety guidelines (National Anti-Vivisection Society). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Animal Testing In Cosmetics" essay for you Create order Beginning in the 2000s, many companies have started to stop using animal testing on their products, largely due to complaints by customers. In 2014, the Humane Cosmetics Act, HR 4148, was introduced by Republican congressman Jim Moran. This bill aims to ensure that animals are not harmed in the manufacturing of cosmetic products, and is the first federal bill to be introduced to prohibit animal testing for cosmetics produced and sold in the United States (The Humane Society). Despite continued widespread support, this bill has not received a hearing on the floor, so no significant progress has been made in the passing of this bill. There are two sides to this policy debate. One side is that animal testing for cosmetics should be legal, while the other is that animal testing for cosmetics should be banned. On one hand, some believe that animal testing for cosmetics should be legal because it is necessary in order to prove the safety of cosmetic products. Additionally, scientists state that animals are the closest bodies to humans and thus can most effectively produce accurate results on the safety of products. On the other hand, some believe that animal testing for cosmetics should be banned because it is cruel and inhumane. Those who are against animal testing argue that new technology has been developed and now provides better alternatives to animal testing. In addition, many say that it is unnecessary because an abundant amount of ingredients have already been proven safe to use in cosmetics, so there is no need to continue to test new ingredients. The side that is for animal testing wants to keep the current laws and does not want any new laws to be passed. In contrast, the side that is against animal testing wants to pass new laws to ban animal testing in cosmetics (Procon). This is a social problem because there is an element of harm to thousands of animals who are being used in the testing. Additionally, it impacts people who do not know each other because people across the world have very strong beliefs on the issue. It has also spanned generations and elicits political action because the government must decide on public policy in order to solve the social problem. Subjectively, many people believe that animal testing is unethical because animals are being tortured for cosmetic gains, while others believe that the testing is necessary for advancement in cosmetic products. On the other side, objectively, many animals have died of torture while products are being tested on them, but many discoveries have been made with the results. Each year, over 100,000 animals are killed in the United States for cosmetic testing, but thousands of ingredients and new products are being produced as a result of these testings. (Humane Society International). Another objective condition is that many alternatives to animal testing have been created and are proven to be just as effective. For example, when using in-vitro testing, the accuracy of the safety results went from just 60% with animal testing to 80-90% using this alternative method (New England). The core value tension represented by the debate over animal testing for cosmetics is law vs. ethics. Law vs. ethics essentially means that the laws that govern the country and the ethical principles that guide ones behavior are not always in harmony. However, these tensions can help to improve the legal system and keep it in line with societys changing ethics (Mckown, 2018). In animal testing for cosmetics specifically, the laws are clear in that there are no bans on animal testing and therefore it is allowed. However, according to a 2017 Gallup study, 44% of American adults think that animal testing is unethical, which is up significantly from 26% in 2001 (Swetlitz, 2017). This demonstrates the tension between citizens ethical beliefs and the laws that are governing them. As the percentage of Americans against animal testing increases, the laws are likely to move towards animal testing becoming illegal. Animal testing in the cosmetic industry continues to be relevant today through regulations, state laws being passed, and national bills being proposed. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for the enforcement of the FDC Act to ensure that cosmetics are safe and properly labeled. The FDC Act does not specifically require the use of animals for testing ingredients for cosmetics, but it also does not ban it. Under the current law, it is up to the cosmetic companies to establish the safety of the ingredients and finished cosmetic product in whichever way they choose (U.S. Food Drug Administration). Additionally, on August 24, 1966 the Animal Welfare Act was passed, which is the only Federal law that regulates the treatment of animals in research. This law sets up a minimum acceptable standard of treatment towards animals, but has highly criticized by activist groups against animal testing that it is to lax and not enforced well (United States Department of Agriculture). On August 31, 2018, California passed the Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Act, which banned all beauty products that were tested on animals, or include ingredients tested on animals, by 2020. This makes California the first U.S. state to take this step to end animal testing in cosmetics. This type of legislation has been proposed in numerous states and to Congress, but California is the first state to actually pass a law (Mackenzie, 2018). The major key players involved include the U.S. Congress, who passed the FDC Act with the FDA being responsible for enforcing the law, and Californias State Assembly, as they have pass ed the Cruelty-Free Cosmetics Act. Stakeholders in this issue will be affected both socially and economically by any policy made on animal testing for cosmetics. The stakeholders are cosmetics companies, as this will affect their business, especially the ones who have not already chosen to go cruelty-free. Animal rights activist groups are also stakeholders because they want to see cruelty-free laws passed in all states, especially in Congress, and also want to see Californias law succeed. This social problem is prevalent in the national, state, and local levels of government as they all have the power to pass laws and regulations regarding the use of animal testing in cosmetics. This social problem is in the policy formulation phase because various public policies are being drafted to replace the current laws under the FDC Act. The issue of animal testing has been around for centuries, with the more specific issue of animal testing in cosmetics being around since the mid-1900s. This has become a highly debated social problem, with policy proposals on both sides of the issue, but no significant progress has been made. In order to make an educated decision about the proper policy response, it is necessary to understand the depth of the social and economic impacts that each policy proposition for those for and against animal testing would have on society. Social Analysis Now that the social problem and public policy debate has been presented, it is fitting to conduct an analysis of the social implications of animal testing for cosmetics. Analyzing the issue of animal testing for cosmetics from a sociological perspective is very important because it allows the connections between individual people and the structures of society in which they live in to be evaluated. Applying both the Structural Functionalism Theory and the Conflict Theory is useful in gaining insight on the sociological implications of animal testing for cosmetics. It is also necessary to analyze the social costs and benefits of the policy recommendation on both sides of the issue. To begin a social analysis of animal testing for cosmetics, the Structural Functionalism theory can be applied. Structural Functionalism revolves around the idea of stability. Structural Functionalists view society as stable and well integrated with the social institutions and structures being what is keeping society running (Mckown, 2018). This means that each social institution plays a role in an individuals socialization and therefore has important contributions to society. Family provides a context for reproducing, nurturing, and socializing children; education offers a way to transmit a societys skills, knowledge, and culture to its youth; politics provides a means of governing members of society; economics provides for the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services; and religion provides moral guidance and an outlet for worship of a higher power (Schacht, Knox, and Mooney, 2007). One social institution in this scenario is the government, as the government is expected to pass laws and regulations in response to social problems, including on the safety of cosmetic products and the standard of testing required. Another social institution is the family and peer groups, as they play a major role in the environment that one grew up in and largely helped to shape the morals and values that an individual holds. This includes whether or not one thinks it is morally acceptable to test cosmetic products on animals (Shuppli and Ormandy, 2014). Viewing this social problem through social pathology, this issue is caused by a ?sickness in society, which is caused by issues within the social institutions that lead to improper socialization. In this case, the side that is against the use of animal testing may see the social problem as being caused by improper socialization by family and religion by making it seem as if animal testing is morally just. On the other side, those who are against animal testing for cosmetics may argue that the changing values in the younger generation is a ?sickness causing the increased arguments against animal testing for cosmetics. Viewing this as social disorganization, the macroeconomic viewpoint, rapid change in society is causing problems, which could lead to a state of anomie and a loss of social control (Mckown, 2018). A May 2013 Gallup poll found that 56% of Americans say medical testing on animals is morally acceptable (down from 65% in 2001), with 39% saying it is morally wrong (ProCon, 2016). This is likely due to the fact that younger Americans are less likely to support animal testing in general, which is leading to rapid change in societys viewpoints and causing the increase in the percentage of the public that is against animal testing. This social problem can be further analyzed through the application of the Conflict Theory. The Conflict Theory views society as being characterized by competition and inequality. Theorists believe that society is divided between the dominants (ones who have power) and subordinates (ones without power). The dominant generally want to maintain their power and privilege, either directly or indirectly (McKown, 2018). This applies to the issue of animal testing for cosmetics as the large cosmetic companies are the dominant group, as they have the money and power within the industry. Individual people against animal testing and the animals are a part of the subordinate group, as they have little power. For example, Este Lauder has an estimated 49.05 Billion dollar net worth and is a company that continues to test their products on animals (Macro Trends). Cosmetic companies in the US spend about 16 Billion dollars each year on animal testing, with Este Lauder contributing significantly to that value (Terrance, 2010). Cruelty Free International, the leading non-profit organization working to end animal experimentation, makes significantly less money than these major cosmetic companies like Este Lauder. The non-marxist approach says that social problems arise due to conflicting values and interests. In this scenario, the social problem of animal testing for cosmetics has arisen because the two sides have very different values: one side values cosmetic advancement and does not see the significance of using animals as test subjects, whereas the other side values animal rights and treating all living beings equally (Shatzman, 2018). These different values demonstrate the inequalities in the debate, as it is clear that the cosmetic companies have more power in their impact when compared to the activist groups against animal testing. Furthermore, the social costs and benefits of this social problem must be analyzed to fully understand the social implications of animal testing for cosmetics. If the United States Congress passed the Humane Cosmetics Act making animal testing for cosmetics illegal, the manifest social impacts would be that animals would no longer be used in cosmetic testing and the cosmetic industry would become a cruelty-free industry. However, the latent social impacts could be that individuals will no longer be able to purchase products that they have been using for a duration of time and love due to those products containing ingredients that were tested on animals (The Humane Society, 2015). On the other hand, if the United States Congress passed a law making animal testing for cosmetics legal, the manifest social impacts would be that the use of cosmetic animal testing would increase. However, the latent social impacts could be that the development of technological alternatives will decrease as their will become less of a push for the innovations (Katsnelson, 2013). In conclusion, thinking like a sociologist allows for the impact of animal testing for cosmetics to be better understood. First, it is important to understand the application of the Structural Functionalism Theory and and the impacts of the contributions of specific social structure/institutions on society. The Conflict Theory can also be applied, which analyzes the impact of competition and inequality within society between the dominant and subordinate groups. Lastly, the social costs and benefits should be examined in order to have a full understanding of the social implications on both sides of the problem. To further understand animal testing in the cosmetic industry and the best policy for addressing this social problem, it is also imperative that economic costs and benefits be analyzed.

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1998 Words

Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most researched child disorders. It affects every 1 in 100 people, affecting 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. ASD can be detected in children as early as 18 months and is a lifelong condition affecting the social and communitive interactions in child’s life. Autism affects every person differently and to a different degree of severity. The symptoms of Autism present differently in each case and differ in development. The understanding of the disorder has come a long way and research has allowed better knowledge to be attained. Through the use of DSM-5, ADI-R ADOS there have been systems developed in order to help diagnose ASD, and therefore help manage the symptoms†¦show more content†¦This paper works through the belief that Music Therapy can be a useful tool in increasing social, communicative, cognitive and emotional levels, as well as helping to restore and improve self-confidence and an awareness of self for both children and adolescents with ASD. Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition affecting 1 in every 100 people. ASD causes communication difficulties, sleep dysfunction and restrictions in movement. Autism is a lifelong condition affecting the way a person relates to their environment and interactions with people. This condition affects nearly 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. Within Autism Spectrum Disorder, the word ‘spectrum’ refers to the different ranges of difficulty that a person with Autism will experience. There are different levels of affectedness ranging from being able to live a normal life to then someone struggling with learning difficulties or needing ongoing, everyday support (Randall et al., 2016; What Is Autism?†, 2016). It is extensively recognized that within the condition of ASD there is a scale in the severity of the symptoms. These symptoms vary a great deal and show themselves differently in each individual case of ASD. The clinical presentations of these symptoms again present differently in each child and then develop differently again with age. Therefore the spectrum system is put in place providing a quantitative measure that allows

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1998 Words

Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most researched child disorders. It affects every 1 in 100 people, affecting 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. ASD can be detected in children as early as 18 months and is a lifelong condition affecting the social and communitive interactions in child’s life. Autism affects every person differently and to a different degree of severity. The symptoms of Autism present differently in each case and differ in development. The understanding of the disorder has come a long way and research has allowed better knowledge to be attained. Through the use of DSM-5, ADI-R ADOS there have been systems developed in order to help diagnose ASD, and therefore help manage the symptoms†¦show more content†¦This paper works through the belief that Music Therapy can be a useful tool in increasing social, communicative, cognitive and emotional levels, as well as helping to restore and improve self-confidence and an awareness of self for both children and adolescents with ASD. Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition affecting 1 in every 100 people. ASD causes communication difficulties, sleep dysfunction and restrictions in movement. Autism is a lifelong condition affecting the way a person relates to their environment and interactions with people. This condition affects nearly 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. Within Autism Spectrum Disorder, the word ‘spectrum’ refers to the different ranges of difficulty that a person with Autism will experience. There are different levels of affectedness ranging from being able to live a normal life to then someone struggling with learning difficulties or needing ongoing, everyday support (Randall et al., 2016; What Is Autism?†, 2016). It is extensively recognized that within the condition of ASD there is a scale in the severity of the symptoms. These symptoms vary a great deal and show themselves differently in each individual case of ASD. The clinical presentations of these symptoms again present differently in each child and then develop differently again with age. Therefore the spectrum system is put in place providing a quantitative measure that allows

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1998 Words

Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most researched child disorders. It affects every 1 in 100 people, affecting 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. ASD can be detected in children as early as 18 months and is a lifelong condition affecting the social and communitive interactions in child’s life. Autism affects every person differently and to a different degree of severity. The symptoms of Autism present differently in each case and differ in development. The understanding of the disorder has come a long way and research has allowed better knowledge to be attained. Through the use of DSM-5, ADI-R ADOS there have been systems developed in order to help diagnose ASD, and therefore help manage the symptoms†¦show more content†¦This paper works through the belief that Music Therapy can be a useful tool in increasing social, communicative, cognitive and emotional levels, as well as helping to restore and improve self-confidence and an awareness of self for both children and adolescents with ASD. Autism Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition affecting 1 in every 100 people. ASD causes communication difficulties, sleep dysfunction and restrictions in movement. Autism is a lifelong condition affecting the way a person relates to their environment and interactions with people. This condition affects nearly 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. Within Autism Spectrum Disorder, the word ‘spectrum’ refers to the different ranges of difficulty that a person with Autism will experience. There are different levels of affectedness ranging from being able to live a normal life to then someone struggling with learning difficulties or needing ongoing, everyday support (Randall et al., 2016; What Is Autism?†, 2016). It is extensively recognized that within the condition of ASD there is a scale in the severity of the symptoms. These symptoms vary a great deal and show themselves differently in each individual case of ASD. The clinical presentations of these symptoms again present differently in each child and then develop differently again with age. Therefore the spectrum system is put in place providing a quantitative measure that allows